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Plant intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) receptors with an N-terminal Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain sense pathogen effectors to initiate immune signaling. TIR domains across different kingdoms have NADase activities and can produce phosphoribosyl adenosine monophosphate/diphosphate (pRib-AMP/ADP) or cyclic ADPR (cADPR) isomers. The lipase-like proteins EDS1 and PAD4 transduce immune signals from sensor TIR-NLRs to a helper NLR called ADR1, which executes immune function. We report the structure and function of anArabidopsisEDS1-PAD4-ADR1 (EPA) heterotrimer in complex with pRib-AMP/ADP activated by plant or bacterial TIR signaling. 2′cADPR can be hydrolyzed into pRib-AMP and thus activate EPA signaling. Bacterial TIR domains producing 2′cADPR also activate EPA function. Our findings suggest that 2′cADPR may be the storage form of the unstable signaling molecule pRib-AMP. 

Summary Leaf dark respiration (R_dark), an important yet rarely quantified component of carbon cycling in forest ecosystems, is often simulated from leaf traits such as the maximum carboxylation capacity (V_cmax), leaf mass per area (LMA), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations, in terrestrial biosphere models. However, the validity of these relationships across forest types remains to be thoroughly assessed.Here, we analyzedR_darkvariability and its associations withV_cmaxand other leaf traits across three temperate, subtropical and tropical forests in China, evaluating the effectiveness of leaf spectroscopy as a superior monitoring alternative.We found that leaf magnesium and calcium concentrations were more significant in explaining cross‐siteR_darkthan commonly used traits like LMA, N and P concentrations, but univariate trait–R_darkrelationships were always weak (r² ≤ 0.15) and forest‐specific. Although multivariate relationships of leaf traits improved the model performance, leaf spectroscopy outperformed trait–R_darkrelationships, accurately predicted cross‐siteR_dark(r² = 0.65) and pinpointed the factors contributing toR_darkvariability.Our findings reveal a few novel traits with greater cross‐site scalability regardingR_dark, challenging the use of empirical trait–R_darkrelationships in process models and emphasize the potential of leaf spectroscopy as a promising alternative for estimatingR_dark, which could ultimately improve process modeling of terrestrial plant respiration. 

Summary Allocation of leaf phosphorus (P) among different functional fractions represents a crucial adaptive strategy for optimizing P use. However, it remains challenging to monitor the variability in leaf P fractions and, ultimately, to understand P‐use strategies across diverse plant communities.We explored relationships between five leaf P fractions (orthophosphate P, P_i; lipid P, P_L; nucleic acid P, P_N; metabolite P, P_M; and residual P, P_R) and 11 leaf economic traits of 58 woody species from three biomes in China, including temperate, subtropical and tropical forests. Then, we developed trait‐based models and spectral models for leaf P fractions and compared their predictive abilities.We found that plants exhibiting conservative strategies increased the proportions of P_Nand P_M, but decreased the proportions of P_iand P_L, thus enhancing photosynthetic P‐use efficiency, especially under P limitation. Spectral models outperformed trait‐based models in predicting cross‐site leaf P fractions, regardless of concentrations (R² = 0.50–0.88 vs 0.34–0.74) or proportions (R² = 0.43–0.70 vs 0.06–0.45).These findings enhance our understanding of leaf P‐allocation strategies and highlight reflectance spectroscopy as a promising alternative for characterizing large‐scale leaf P fractions and plant P‐use strategies, which could ultimately improve the physiological representation of the plant P cycle in land surface models.